2004年国际贸易学综合试题
一.判断 （每题1分，共5分）
1、在均衡的国民收入水平上，非计划存货投资必须等于零，且计划投资与实际投资必须相
等。（ ）
2、当政府对某一行业的产品实施最低限价政策时，通常会导致该行业单位供给减少，市场
需求增加。（ ）
3、根据国际商会《2000年通则》的规定，如果买方想采取铁路运输，愿意办理进出口清关
手续并承担其中的费用，买方可以采用FCA贸易术语。（ ）
4、根据国际惯例，保兑行审核单据无误而付款后，若开证行倒闭或无理拒付，则保兑行有
权向受益人索要货款。（ ）
5、2002年8月国际货币基金组织有关数据表明，中国是2001年黄金储备增长最多的国家。
（ ）

二.单项选择 （每题1分，共5分）
1、垄断厂商面对两个相互独立、需求弹性不同的市场时，为获取最大利润，厂商应该实?br/> （ ）。
A、同一价格 B、一级价格歧视C、二级价格歧视 D、三级价格歧视
2、厂商对要素的需求取决于（ ）。
A、要素的边际生产力 B、产品的价格C、要素的平均产量 D、要素的供给量
3、一切险与水渍险各项保险责任的不同之处在于（ ）的赔偿。
A、自然灾害所造成的单独海损
B、意外事故所造成的全部或部分损失
C、一般外来原因所造成的损失
D、特殊外来原因所造成的损失
4、下列哪一项属于国际收支的长期性不平衡：（ ）。
A、结构性不平衡 B、收入性不平衡C、周期性不平衡 D、货币性不平衡
5、下列属于三级储备资产的有（ ）。
A、活期存款B、短期存款 C、黄鸫⒈?nbsp;D、普通提款权

三、多项选择（每题2分，共10分）
1、对于生产函数Q＝f（L，K）和成本方程C＝w*L r*K来说，在最优的生产要素组合点上应该有（ ）。
A、等产量曲线和等成本线相切
B、MRTS(lk)=w/r
C、MRTS(lk)=-△K/△L=MP(K)/MP(L)
D、MP(L)/w=MP(K)/r
2、按《UCP500》规定，除非另有约定，卖方不得提交（ ）。
A、舱面提单 B、已装船提单 C、清洁提单
D、不清洁提单 E、指示提单
3、一项合同成立的有效条件包括（ ）。
A、当事人必须具有签订合同的行为能力 B、合同必须有对价或约因
C、合同的内容必须合法 D、合同必须符合法律规定的形式
E、合同当事人的意思必须真实
4、在下列IMF贷款类型中，属于普通贷款的是（ ）。
A、缓冲库存贷款 B、中期贷款
C、信托基金贷款 D、补充贷款
5、下列能在合同有效期任何一天交割的有（ ）。
A、欧式期权 B、美式期权
C、择期 D、远期合同


四、名词解释（每题4分，共16分）
1、经济增长的黄金分割率
2、纳什均衡
3、一价定律
4、寄售

五、简述（每题10分，共30分）
1、新凯恩思主义是如何结实价格和工资粘性的？由此提出的经济稳定政策是什么？
2、简述产业内贸易说的核心内容
3、特里芬两难为何构成布雷顿森林体系的致命缺陷？

六、论述与分析题（第1、2题每题10分，第3题14分，共34分）
1、美国对包括钢铁、汽车及纺织品在内的许多产品实行配额。经济学家们估算通过拍卖配额权，美国财政部门每年至少获得100亿美元的收入，假定美国的服装市场在无贸易的条件下，国内的服装均衡价格为8美元/1单位，交易数量为200单位。而服装的世界市场价格为
4美元/1单位，美国在自由贸易条件下，美国的服装价格降至4美元，国内生产者只供给100单位，需进口200单位才能满足国内的需求。现假定美国政府的服装配额为100单位，并将配额按一年的进口量分配给各进口国，请图示美国的服装配额进行分析：
（1）美国的服装交易量和价格是多少？
（2）配额导致的效率损失是多少？
（3）拍卖配额权会带来什么影响？

2、我某进出口公司于5月15日向外商A发盘并限其18日复到我方。A于16日上午10时向当地邮局交发关于接受我方发盘的电报。但由于当地邮局工人罢工，该电报在传递途中延误到22日才送达我方。我公司认为对方答复逾期，未予置理，并将货物以较高价格售予外商B。5月25日，A来电称：信用证已经开出，要求我方尽早出运货物。我方立即复电A，声明接受到达过晚，双方并不存在合同关系。因此，双方发生争执。试根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的有关规定，分析双方孰是孰非？并说明理由。

3、试析战略性外购（strategic outsourcing）的合理性。

七、专业英语（每题25分，共50分）
1、The Taylor Rule:Could a Robot Replace Alan Greenspan?
Macroeconomist John Taylor of StanfordUniversity Calls for a
New Monetary Rule That Would InstitutionalizeAppropriate Fed
Policy Responses to Changes in Real Output andInflation.
In our discussion of rules versus discretion, “rules” wereassociated with a
passive monetary policy--one in which the monetary rule requiredthat the Fed
expand the money supplyai a fixed annual rate regardless of thestate of the
economy.“Discretion”on the other hand, was associated with anactive monetary
policy in which the Fed changed the interest rate in response toactual or
anticipated changes in the economy.
Economist John Taylor has put a new twist on therule-versus-discretion debate
by suggesting a hybrid policy rule that dictates the precise activemonetary
actions the Fed should take when changes in the economy occur.Thisso-called
Taylor rule combines traditional monetarism, with its emphasis on amonetary
rule, and the more mainstream view that active monetary policy is auseful tool
for taming inflation and limiting recession. Unlike the Friedmanmonetary rule,
the Taylor rule holds, for example, that monetary policy shouldrespond to
changes in both real GDP and inflation, not simply inflation. Thekey adjustment
is the interest rate, not the money supply.
The Taylor rule has three parts:
● If real GDP rises 1 percent above potential GDP, the Fed shouldraise the
Federal Funds rate(theinterbank rate of overnight loans),relative to the
current inflation rate, by .5percent.
● If inflation rises by 1 percent above its target of 2 percent,then the Fed
should raise the Federal fundsrate by .5 percent relative to the inflation
rate.
● When the real GDP is equal to potential GDP and inflation isequal to its
target rate of 2 percent, theFederal funds rate remain at about 4 percent,
which would imply a realinterest rate of 2 percent.
Taylor has nerther suggested nor implied that a robot, programmedwith the
Taylor rule, should replace Alan Greenspan,chairman of the FederalReserve
System.The Fed's discretion to override the rule(or “contingencyplan for
policy”)would be retained,but the Fed would renove the“mystery”associated
with monetary policy and increase he Fed's accountability.Also,saysTaylor, if
used consistently, the rule would enable market participants topredice Fed
behavior, and this would increase Fed credibility and reduceuncertainty.
Critics of the Taylor rule admit it is more in tune withcountercyclical Fed
policy than with Friedman's simple monetary rule. But they boreason to limit
the Fed's discretion in adjusting interest rates as it sees fit toachieve
stabilization and growth.Monetary policy may be more art thanscience. The
critics also point our that the Fed has done a remarkable job ofpromoting
price stability, full employment, and economic growth over the pastdecade.
In view of this succes, they ask,“Why saddle the Fed with a highlymechanical
monetary rule?”

2、Petition of the Candlemakers, 1845
French Economist Fredric Bastiat(1801-1850)Devastated the
Proponents of Prorectionism by SatircallyExtending their
Reasoning to Its Logical and AbusurdConclusions.
Petitogogo,Candlesticks,Street Lamps,Snuffers,Extinguishers,and ofthe Prodecers of Oil Tallow,Rosin,Alcohol,and,
Generally,of Everything Connected with Lighting.

TO MESSIEURS THE MEMBERS OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
Gentlemen--You are on the right road.You rreject abstracttheories,and have
little consideration for cheapness and plenty,You chief care is theinterest of
producer.You desire to emancipate him from external conpetition,and reserve the
national market for national industry.
We are abour to offer you an admirable opportunity of applyingyour--what shall
we call it?No;nothing is more deceptive than theory;yourdoctrine?your system?
your principle?but you dislike doctrines,you abhor systems,and asprinciples,you
deny that there are any in social economy:we shall say,then,yourpractice,your
practice without theory and wothour principle.
We are suffering from the intolerable competition of a foreignribal,palced,it
would seem,in a condition so far superior to ours for theprodection fo light,
that the absolutely inundates our national market with it at aprice fabulously
reduced.The moment he shows himself,our trade leaves us--allconsumer apply to
him;and a branch of native industry,having countlessramifications,is all at
once rendered completely stagnant.This rival...is no other than theSun.
What we pray for is,that is mat please you to pass a law orderingthe shuttling
up all of windows,skylights,dormer windows,outside and insideshutters,curtains,
blinds,bull's-eyes;in a word,of allopenings,holes,chinks,clefts,and fissures,by
or thought which the light of the sun has been in ues to enterhouses,to the
prejudice of the meritorious magogo we
have accommodated our country,--a country which,in gratitude,oughtnot to
abandon us now to a strife so unequal.
If more tallow is consumed,then there must be more oxen andsheep;and
consequently,we shall be hold the multiplication of artificialmeadows,meat,wool,hides,and,above all,manure,which is the basis andfoundation of all
agricultural wealth.
The same remark applies to navigation.Thousand of vessels willproceed to the whale fishery;and,in a short time,we shall possess anavy capable of maintaining
the honor of France,and gratifying the patriotic aspirations ofyour petitioners,the undersigned candlemankers and others.
Only have the goodness th relfect,Gentlemen,and you will beconvinced that there
is perhaps,no Frenchman,from the wealth coalmaster to humblestvender of lucifer
matches,whose lot will be ameliorater by success of this ourpetition.

2003年国际贸易学综合试题

一、 填空（每空1.5分，共9分）
1、 商品的边际替代率是指，在（ ）不变的前提下，每增加一单位的某种商品而需要减少的另一种商品的数量。
2、 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于（ ）和（ ）。
3、 正常关税一般是指（ ）。
4、 一国持有国家储备的成本指（ ）与利息之差。
5、 IMF会员国的投票权主要取决于他们的（ ）。

二、 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的划勾，错误的划差。（每小题1.5分，共9分）
1、 垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负。
2、 国民经济中只要有摩擦性事业或资源性事业存在，就不能说经济实现了充分就业。
3、 按照国际商会制定的《2000通则》中的D组贸易术语成交的合同均属于"到达合同"（ArrivalContract），在这类合同下，
卖方均无办理货运保险的义务。
4、 WTO《海关估价协议》规定了六种海关估价的办法，它们是进口商品的成交价格、相同商品的成交价格、类似商品的成交价格、
倒扣法、计算价格法和合理办法。
5、 2002年6月经中国人民银行批准，渣打银行成为首家获准向中国内地居民和企业提供外币服务的外资银行。
6、 择期是一种可以放弃合约履行的外汇业务。

三、 单项选择题（每题1.5分，共6分）
1、 在垄断厂商的长期均衡产量上可以有：
A 、P >LAC
B、 P <LAC
C、 P 等于最小的LAC
D、 以上情况都可能存在

2、 原产地规则是指：
A、 某一国家或地区为确定货物生产过程的最后生产地点而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
B、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的"国籍"而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
C、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的原材料产地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。
D、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的技术来源地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。

3、 下列有关独家代理的说法中，正确的是：
A、 委托人在代理区域内，还可指定其他的一般代理人
B、 委托人要维护代理人的独家专营权，否则要承担违约责任。
C、 委托人直接与代理区域内的客户订立合同时，代理人不能享受佣金。
D、 独家代理只能用于商品买卖中，一般代理可用于其他业务。

4、 当下列哪种情况出现时，货币贬值有利于改善贸易收支：
出口需求弹性DX，出口供给弹性SX，进口需求弹性DI，进口供给弹性SI
A、 DX DI>I
B、 DX DI<
C、 SX SI>I
D、 SX SI<I

四、 多项选择题（每题2.5分，共10分）
1、 下列哪些项目可计入GDP：
A、 政府转移支付
B、 购买一辆新的载重卡车
C、 购买一辆新的载重卡车模型玩具
D、 购买一块地产

2、 出口管制的商品主要包括：
A、 战略物资及其有关的先进技术资料，如武器，军事设备等
B、 对国内生产所需的原材料、半成品及国内市场供应不足的某些必需品
C、 密集使用本国丰裕生产要素的产品
D、 某些重要的文物、艺术品、黄金、白银等特殊品

3、 根据国际惯例，下列有关可转让信用证的说明中，正确的是：
A、 可转让信用证的受益人可以将信用证金额转让给一个或一个以上的人使用
B、 可转让信用证的转让以一次为限，因此只有第一和第二受益人没有第三受益人
C、 可转让信用证中必须注明可转让（Transferable）字样，否则不能转让
D、 可转让信用证的第二受益人因故不能履约时，也不能将信用证转回给第一受益人
4、 套汇的主要方式有：
A、 两角套汇
B、 三角套汇
C、 套利
D、 套期保值

五、 简单准确解释下列名词（每题4分，共16分）
1、 局部均衡和一般均衡
2、 机会成本
3、 技术性贸易壁垒
4、 根本性违约

六、 论述与分析题（第1题10分，第2、3题各15分，第4题10分，共50分）
1、 国际储备管理的原则和内容是什么？

2、 如何理解经济全球化条件下各国贸易政策的竞争与协调关系。


3、 假定某一化工厂生产的产品需求函数为：P=600-2Q,成本函数为CP=3Q^2-400Q 40000
（1） 求利润最大时的产量、价格和利润
（2） 若由于外部不经济（环境污染）使社会受到损失从而使社会成本函数为CS=4.25Q^2-400Q 40000试求帕累托最优
的产量和价格应为多少：
（3） 简单说明外部不经济对资源配置效率的影响，政府应该相应采取什么措施解决外部不经济问题？

4、 某年9月中旬，A公司有一机器设备要出售，向国外某客户B公司发盘。发盘中介绍了设备情况，报了价格，并规定发盘
有效期为9月底之前。B公司研究了发盘条件，认为可以接受，但没有向发盘人表示接受的意向，而是派代理人直接到A公司所
在地办理购买手续并安排接运设备事宜。但在20日，C公司得知A公司要出售设备的消息，便派人到现场付款后提货。9月25日B
公司的代理人赶到A公司所在地时，发现所要设备已被他人提走，便要求A公司赔偿他的损失。对此A公司认为双方之间没有合同
关系，予以拒绝。请问，B公司是否有权向A公司索赔？并请说明理由。

七、 专业英语（英译中，第1题15分，第2题15分，第3题20分，共50分）

1.let's really clean up those numbers----now

Little noticed in the shock of WorldCom Inc.'s massive accountingfraud is that it came to light only
after a review initiated by the company's audit committee. Yes,believe it or not, the directors in the
boardroom actually asked their auditors to take another look at thenumbers.
Lo and behold, that review let to the largest single restatementever: a $3.8 billion reduction in previously
reported pretax income. Together with Xerox Corp's recentconcession that it overstated operating earnings
by $1.4billion, these two corporate meaculpas alone nearly matchthe combined total hit of $5.8 billion from
all 463 restatements in 1998,1999, and 2000.
How much worse can it get? Plenty. It's not that we'll likely seenumbers as breathtaking as those as WorldCom
or Xerox. But expect a tidal wave of restatements to come in whatwill surely amount to some sort of accounting
chatharsis. If ever there was a time for companies to come clean,it's now. Over the years, the quality of
financial reporting has varied widely. Some companies did the bareminimum to meet accounting standards. Others
were more cautious. To get beyond the current stock market malaise,companies need to flush out the excesses
so investors can regain their confidence in our financial system.It's better to take a hit now than risk
dragging this out over the next few years.

2.Happy birthday, Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman's professional career has been marked bycontroversy over his many policy proposals. Yet as he
approaches his 90th birthday, Friedman is increasingly recognizedas the most influential economist in a 20th
century that witnessed towering contributions from John MaynardKeynes, Paul A. Samuelson, and others.
Friedman is best known for "monetarism", a view that stability inthe growth of the money supply is crucial
to controlling inflation and recessions. Although the relationbetween the money supply and the economy has
often been highly variable, no less an authority than FedralReserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has indicated
that Friedman's emphasis on a stable monetary framework wasinstrumental in guiding central banks in Europe
and the U.S. toward low inflation during the pass twodecades.
Before Friedman, economic conventional wisdom held that inflationreduces unemployment because prices rise
faster than labor costs. In the late 1960s, Friedman argued insteadthat there is no permanent reduction in
unemployment from continuing inflation because wages eventuallycatch up to prices as expectations about
inflation become more accurate. His analysis has been validatedtwice since then----by the high U.S. the '90
even though inflation was negligible.
Two decades before Chile introduces its revolutionary privateindividual account retirement system, Friedman's
classic 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom criticized the prevailingpay-as-you -go Social Security systems for
restricting the ability of individuals to choose how much and inwhat form to save for retirement, and for mixing
a welfare program for elderly poor with a compulsory program thatapplies to all the elderly. Has his advice been
followed twenty years ago, there would be no impending SocialSecurity financing crisis in the U.S. and other
developed nations with aging population.

3. Are Force Majeure Clauses Exclusion Clauses?

In order to differentiate an exclusion or limitation clause from aforce majeure clause we must first define
exactly what we mean by exclusion clauses and examine their effecton the contractual relations of the
parties. We might then usefully compare the operatiogogo to that offorce majeure clauses.
A tripartite distinction betweegogo: " Protective conditions arethree
distinct types: first, those which limit or reduce what wouldotherwise be the defendant's duty; second,
those which exclude the defendant's liability for breach ofspecified aspects of that duty, and third, those
which limit the extent to which the defendant is bound to indemnifythe plaintiff in respect of the consequences
of breaches of that duty." The difference between the first twocategories is said to be this: in the first case
there is no breach of contract since there is no obligation toperform in the circumstances which have
arisen, whilst in the second case there is a breach but theliability to pay damages in respect of it has
been removed.
Force majeure clauses, it seems, go to limit the extent of theobligation assumed by the promisor. They do not
operate so as to shield a promisor from liability for a breach ofcontract. A force majeure clause will ensure
that non-performance is no breach because no performance was due inthe circumstances that have occurred.